Trade Company Transfer: Due Diligence Checklist & Closing Document List

Trading companies are common targets in M&A. This article covers the use cases for acquiring a trading company, verification of import/export qualifications, key due diligence points for intercompany accounts and inventory, and the closing checklist.

贸易公司是公司转让市场的常见标的,名称行业表述宽泛、经营范围通用,适合多种业务场景。受让贸易公司的价值在于主体干净程度与附带资质。 一、常见受让用途 1. 开票与业务承接:需要一般纳税人资格开具专票的贸易业务; 2. 进出口经营权:带海关备案、电子口岸、外汇名录登记的贸易公司可直接开展进出口业务,省去备案周期; 3. 平台入驻:电商、招投标场景需要成立年限与经营记录的主体; 4. 品牌持有:公司名下带商标的,作为品牌运营主体; 5. 业务分拆:集团内贸易板块的独立主体收购。 二、核查要点(贸易公司特有) 1. 纳税人资质:是否一般纳税人、税种核定与发票票种额度、纳税信用等级; 2. 进出口资质:海关进出口货物收发货人备案、电子口岸卡、外汇管理局名录登记、退税资格与历史退税记录(有骗税嫌疑记录的公司坚决回避); 3. 往来款项:应收账款、应付账款、预收预付——贸易公司流水大,往来款是隐性债务高发区,逐笔核对大额往来对象与账龄; 4. 存货与在途货物:库存商品的权属、质押情况,在途订单的合同义务; 5. 上下游合同:未履行完毕的购销合同的继续履行或终止安排; 6. 通用核查:工商档案、税务状态、诉讼执行、行政处罚、社保欠缴、对外担保。 三、交易结构选择 1. 纯壳贸易公司(无经营或已清理):股权收购,流程简单,重点核查税务与债务干净度; 2. 带业务贸易公司:股权收购+过渡期安排,明确交割节点前后的订单、货款、发票归属;也可采用资产收购方式只买业务资产不接公司历史(税负与操作复杂度更高,需专业评估); 3. 带进出口资质公司:资质随公司主体存续,交割后及时办理海关、电子口岸、外汇信息的法人变更。 四、交割清单 1. 证照印章:营业执照正副本、公章财务章合同章发票章法人章、章程; 2. 税务资料:税控设备与发票库存、电子税务局账号、历史申报表与完税凭证、账簿凭证; 3. 银行资料:全部账户的网银U盾密码器、开户资料、印鉴卡变更; 4. 海关外汇:海关备案信息变更、电子口岸卡与操作员卡、外汇名录信息更新; 5. 资质资产:商标专利证书、域名、行政许可证照; 6. 系统账号:社保公积金账户、各类平台账号。 五、流程与周期 尽调 → 股权转让协议 → 税务申报(印花税、卖方所得税)→ 工商变更(股东、法人、董监高)→ 银行变更 → 税务信息更新 → 海关外汇变更(如适用)→ 交割验收。工商变更数个工作日,全套交割通常数周。 贸易公司标的供应充足,价格主要取决于纳税人资格、进出口资质与干净程度,具体报价以尽调结果与当期市场为准。

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